Among the various types of biosensors available, electrochemical biosensors are one of the most reliable, user-friendly, easy to manufacture, cost-effective and versatile technologies that can yield results within a short period of time, making it extremely promising for routine clinical testing. This review focusses on one aspect of this collective effort: electrochemical biosensors. Toward this goal, there has been immense interest in the development of ultrasensitive quantitative detection techniques for cytokines, which involves technologies from various scientific disciplines, such as immunology, electrochemistry, photometry, nanotechnology and electronics. Cytokine profiling can provide valuable information for diagnosing such diseases and monitoring their progression, as well as assessing the efficacy of immunotherapeutic regiments. Cancer and autoimmune diseases are particularly adept at developing mechanisms to escape and modulate the immune system checkpoints, reflected by an altered cytokine profile. Aberrant expression of cytokines can be indicative of anomalous behavior of the immunoregulatory system, as seen in various illnesses and conditions, such as cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and other physiological disorders. In addition, this porous nanoparticle preparation method could be extended to the incorporation of different interesting materials onto nanoparticles and find wide applications in various areas, such as bioassay, drug delivery and catalysis.Ĭytokines are soluble proteins secreted by immune cells that act as molecular messengers relaying instructions and mediating various functions performed by the cellular counterparts of the immune system, by means of a synchronized cascade of signaling pathways. Using the redox current of FC as signal, the immunosensor displays high sensitivity, wide linear range (0.002–20ng/mL), low detection limit (1pg/mL) and good reproducibility. Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of oral cancer biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6) using this FC-PPN as label was prepared. The resulted FC-PPN showed high FC loading and good stability. After the evaporation of solution under stirring, the FC-PPN was prepared with the polyelectrolyte layer adsorbed onto CaCO3 surface during the solution evaporation process, and FC encapsulated within the polyelectrolyte framework. Polyelectrolyte, ferrocene and CaCO3 nanoparticles were dispersed in ethanol/water solution. A facile method for the preparation of ferrocene (FC) loaded porous polyelectrolyte nanoparticles (FC-PPN) using CaCO3 as template was reported.
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